Which One Of The Following Activities Is Prohibited For Civil Service Employees?

Non-elected branch of governmental service

The civil service is a commonage term for a sector of government composed mainly of career civil servants hired on professional person merit rather than appointed or elected, whose institutional tenure typically survives transitions of political leadership. A ceremonious servant, also known as a public servant, is a person employed in the public sector by a government department or agency for public sector undertakings. Civil servants work for fundamental and state governments, and answer to the authorities, not a party.^{[1] [ii]}

The extent of ceremonious servants of a state every bit part of the "civil service" varies from country to land. In the United Kingdom (UK), for example, simply Crown (national government) employees are referred to as "civil servants" whereas employees of local authorities (counties, cities and like administrations) are generally referred to as "local government civil service officers", who are considered public servants simply not civil servants. Thus, in the Great britain, a civil servant is a public servant simply a public retainer is not necessarily a civil servant.

The study of the civil service is a part of the field of public service (and in some countries there is no distinction between the two). Staff members in "non-departmental public bodies" (sometimes called "QUANGOs") may too be classed equally civil servants for the purpose of statistics and possibly for their terms and conditions. Collectively a land's civil servants form its civil service or public service. The concept arose in China and modern civil service developed in Britain in the 18th century.

An international ceremonious retainer or international staff member is a civilian employee who is employed by an intergovernmental organization. These international civil servants do not resort under whatsoever national legislation (from which they have amnesty of jurisdiction) just are governed by internal staff regulations. All disputes related to international civil service are brought before special tribunals created by these international organizations such every bit, for instance, the Administrative Tribunal of the ILO. Specific referral can exist made to the International Ceremonious Service Commission (ICSC) of the United nations, an independent expert body established by the United Nations General Assembly. Its mandate is to regulate and coordinate the conditions of service of staff in the United Nations common organization, while promoting and maintaining high standards in the international civil service.

History [edit]

In Cathay [edit]

Imperial Civil Service Examination hall with 7500 cells in Guangdong, 1873

The origin of the modern meritocratic ceremonious service can be traced back to Imperial examination founded in Imperial China.^[3] The Imperial test based on merit was designed to select the all-time authoritative officials for the state'south bureaucracy.^[4] This organization had a huge influence on both society and culture in Imperial China and was direct responsible for the creation of a form of scholar-bureaucrats irrespective of their family full-blooded.^[5]

Originally appointments to the bureaucracy were based on the patronage of aristocrats; During Han dynasty, Emperor Wu of Han established the xiaolian system of recommendation past superiors for appointments to function. In the areas of administration, especially the armed services, appointments were based solely on merit. This was an early form of the regal examinations, transitioning from inheritance and patronage to merit, in which local officials would select candidates to take part in an exam of the Confucian classics.^[five] Afterward the fall of the Han dynasty, the Chinese hierarchy regressed into a semi-merit organisation known as the nine-rank system.

This organization was reversed during the short-lived Sui dynasty (581–618), which initiated a ceremonious service bureaucracy recruited through written examinations and recommendation. The showtime civil service examination arrangement was established by Emperor Wen of Sui. Emperor Yang of Sui established a new category of recommended candidates for the mandarinate in AD 605. The following Tang dynasty (618–907) adopted the same measures for drafting officials, and decreasingly relied on aristocratic recommendations and more than and more on promotion based on the results of written examinations. The structure of the exam organization was extensively expanded during the reign of Wu Zetian.^[6] The system reached its apogee during the Song dynasty.^[7]

In theory, the Chinese civil service organisation provided ane of the master avenues for social mobility in Chinese order, although in practise, due to the fourth dimension-consuming nature of the study, the examination was more often than not only taken by sons of the landed gentry.^[eight] The examination tested the candidate'south memorization of the Nine Classics of Confucianism and his power to compose verse using fixed and traditional forms and calligraphy. It was ideally suited to literary candidates. Thus, toward the end of the Ming Dynasty, the system attracted the candidature of Tang Xianzu (1550-1616). Tang at 14 passed the purple exam at the county level; and at 21, he did so at the provincial level; but non until he was 34 did he pass at the national level. Still, he had already become a well-known poet at age 12, and amongst other things he went on to such distinction equally a profound literati and dramatist that information technology would not be far-fetched to regard him as Mainland china's reply to William Shakespeare: Wang Rongpei and Zhang Ling (eds), The Complete Works of Tang Xianzu (2018). In the late 19th century, however, the system increasingly engendered internal dissatisfaction, and was criticized as not reflecting candidates' ability to govern well, and for giving undue weight to manner over content and originality of thought. Indeed, long earlier its abandonment, the notion of the regal arrangement as a route to social mobility was somewhat mythical. In Tang's magnum opus, The Peony Pavilion, sc xiii, Leaving Home, the male pb, Liu Mengmei, laments: "Afterwards twenty years of studies, I withal have no hope of getting into role", and on this signal Tang may be speaking through Liu every bit his change ego. The arrangement was finally abolished by the Qing government in 1905 as part of the New Policies reform package.

The Chinese system was oft admired past European commentators from the 16th century onward.^[9] However, the Chinese imperial examination system was hardly universally admired by all Europeans who knew of information technology. In a argue in the unelected bedchamber of the Great britain parliament on March 13, 1854, John Browne 'pointed out [clearly with some disdain ] that the only precedent for appointing ceremonious servants past literary exams was that of the Chinese government': Coolican (2018), ch.5: The Northcote-Trevelyan Written report, pp106–107.

Modernistic civil service [edit]

In the 18th century, in response to economic changes and the growth of the British Empire, the hierarchy of institutions such as the Office of Works and the Navy Lath profoundly expanded. Each had its own system, only in general, staff were appointed through patronage or outright buy. Past the 19th century, it became increasingly clear that these arrangements were falling short. "The origins of the British civil service are meliorate known. During the eighteenth century a number of Englishmen wrote in praise of the Chinese examination organization, some of them going then far as to urge the adoption for England of something similar. The first concrete pace in this direction was taken by the British E India Company in 1806."^[10] In that yr, the Honourable Eastward India Company established a college, the Due east Republic of india Company College, well-nigh London to train and examine administrators of the company'south territories in Republic of india.^[11] "The proposal for establishing this higher came, significantly, from members of the East India Company's trading postal service in Canton, China."^[10] Examinations for the Indian "civil service"—a term coined by the Visitor—were introduced in 1829.^[12]

British efforts at reform were influenced by the purple examinations organisation and meritocratic organization of People's republic of china. Thomas Taylor Meadows, Britain's consul in Guangzhou, China argued in his Desultory Notes on the Authorities and People of Mainland china, published in 1847, that "the long elapsing of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether attributable to the practiced government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only," and that the British must reform their civil service by making the institution meritocratic.^[10] On the other hand, John Browne, in the 1854 fence mentioned higher up, 'argued that elegant writing had become an stop in itself, and the stultifying effect of this on the Chinese ceremonious service had contributed in no modest measure to China's failure to develop its early atomic number 82 over Western civilisations': Coolican, p107.

In 1853 the Chancellor of the Exchequer William Gladstone, deputed Sir Stafford Northcote and Charles Trevelyan to look into the operation and system of the Civil Service. Influenced by the Chinese majestic examinations, the Northcote–Trevelyan Report of 1854 made four principal recommendations: that recruitment should exist on the basis of merit determined through competitive examination, that candidates should take a solid general education to enable inter-departmental transfers, that recruits should be graded into a hierarchy and that promotion should be through achievement, rather than "preferment, patronage or buy". It too recommended a clear division betwixt staff responsible for routine ("mechanical") work, and those engaged in policy formulation and implementation in an "authoritative" class.^[thirteen]

The report was well-timed, because bureaucratic chaos during the Crimean War was causing a clamour for the change. The study's conclusions were immediately implemented, and a permanent, unified and politically neutral civil service was introduced as Her Majesty's Civil Service. A Civil Service Committee was besides set in 1855 to oversee open recruitment and end patronage, and nigh of the other Northcote–Trevelyan recommendations were implemented over some years.^[14] Or so 1 version of the story goes.

At that place are, all the same, more nuanced ways to tell the tale.

Despite [civil servants'] many similarities, there besides exists a not bad divide betwixt the very small number of top mandarins and the very great number of more junior staff. ... the conventional wisdom is that this divide was the piece of work of Sir Stafford Northcote and Sir Charles Trevelyan, merely in one case y'all offset poking effectually in the archives the story turns out to exist rather more complicated. ... What is surprising is that, as originally drafted, the report contained only the well-nigh meagre proposals for establishing entry to the civil service via a competitive literary test - ane for intellectuals and 1 for mechanicals. There was such a proposal just it did not extend to departments subordinate to the Treasury. ... Gladstone warmly supported other aspects of the written report but criticised its limited assail on patronage. ... He wanted the principle of competition 'sanctioned in its full breadth', and applied to the Treasury 'with unsparing vigour' [and] when the amended study was published nearly a year later it proposed to apply the competitive principle to all departments. ... Early in 1854, [Prime Minister] Russell wrote to Gladstone to say he hoped Gladstone was 'non thinking seriously of the program of throwing open to competition the whole civil service of this country'. ... The departmental heads, in their response to the report, also criticised the thinking underlying the proposals for modify... the Northcote-Trevelyan report was dead in the water. ... In the face of opposition from peak ceremonious servants, and a distinct lack of enthusiasm on the part of almost ministers - peculiarly the Prime number Minister - Gladstone was not inclined to push the matter too hard. The idea of a primal competitive exam was dropped, along with most of the other proposals. Only one other proposal was put into effect; in 1854... the Cabinet agreed to the cosmos of a central examining board. A twelvemonth later the Civil Service Committee was established ...

—Coolican, op. cit., pp 4, 95, 96, 105, 110, 112

The same model, the Purple Ceremonious Service, was implemented in British Republic of india from 1858, after the demise of the Eastward India Company's rule in India through the Indian Rebellion of 1857 which came shut to toppling British rule in the country.^[15]

The Northcote–Trevelyan model remained essentially stable for a hundred years. This was a tribute to its success in removing corruption, delivering public services (fifty-fifty under the stress of two world wars), and responding finer to political change. It besides had a keen international influence and was adapted by members of the Commonwealth. The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Human action established a modern civil service in the United States, and by the turn of the 20th century almost all Western governments had implemented similar reforms.

By state [edit]

Americas [edit]

Brazil [edit]

Civil servants in Brazil (Portuguese: servidores públicos) are those working in the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the Federal, country, Federal District or municipal governments, including congressmen, senators, mayors, ministers, the president of the commonwealth, and workers in government-endemic corporations.

Career civil servants (not temporary workers or politicians) are hired only externally on the basis of archway examinations (Portuguese: concurso público).^[16] Information technology usually consists of a written exam; some posts may require physical tests (such every bit policemen), or oral tests (such as professors, judges, prosecutors and attorneys). The rank co-ordinate to the exam score is used for filling the vacancies.

Entrance examinations are conducted by several institutions with a government mandate, such as CESPE (which belongs to the University of Brasília) and the Cesgranrio Foundation (which is function of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro).

The labor laws and social insurance for civil servants are dissimilar from private workers; fifty-fifty between government branches (like different states or cities), the law and insurance differ.

The posts commonly are ranked by titles, the most mutual are technician for high schoolhouse literates and analyst for undergraduates. At that place'due south also college post ranks like auditor, financial, main of law, prosecutor, gauge, attorney, etc.

The constabulary does not allow servants to upgrade or downgrade posts internally; they demand to exist selected in separate external entrance examinations.

Canada [edit]

Historians accept explored the powerful role of ceremonious service since the 1840s.^[17]

In Canada, the civil service at the federal level is known every bit the Public Service of Canada, with each of the x provincial governments as well as the iii territorial governments likewise having their ain split up ceremonious services. The federal civil service consists of all employees of the crown except for ministers' exempt staff, members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Law, and members of the Canadian Armed Forces every bit they are non civil servants.^[18] There are approximately 257,000 federal civil servants (2015),^[eighteen] and more than 350,000 employees at the provincial and territorial levels.^[19]

Usa [edit]

In the United States, the federal civil service was established in 1871. The Ceremonious Service is defined as "all appointive positions in the executive, judicial, and legislative branches of the Government of the U.s., except positions in the uniformed services." (5 U.Southward.C. § 2101). In the early 19th century, government jobs were held at the pleasure of the president — a person could exist fired at any time. The spoils system meant that jobs were used to back up the political parties. This was changed in irksome stages by the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 and subsequent laws. Past 1909, almost two thirds of the U.S. federal piece of work force was appointed based on merit, that is, qualifications measured by tests. Sure senior civil service positions, including some heads of diplomatic missions and executive agencies, are filled by political appointees. Under the Hatch Act of 1939, civil servants are not allowed to appoint in political activities while performing their duties.

The U.S ceremonious service includes the competitive service and the excepted service. The majority of ceremonious service appointments in the U.S. are made under the competitive service, but the Foreign Service, the FBI, and other National Security positions are fabricated under the excepted service. (U.South. Code Title V)

U.Due south. state and local government entities often have competitive civil service systems that are modeled on the national system, in varying degrees.

As of January 2007, the federal authorities, excluding the Mail, employed about 1.viii one thousand thousand civilian workers. The federal government is the nation's single largest employer, although it employs only about 12% of all authorities employees, compared to 24% at the state level and 63% at the local level.^[twenty] Although most federal agencies are based in the Washington, D.C. region, only about 16% (or near 284,000) of the federal government workforce is employed in this region.^[21]

As of 2014, there are currently 15 federal executive branch agencies and hundreds of subagencies.^[22]

Asia [edit]

Cambodia [edit]

The Civil Service (Khmer: សេវាកម្មស៊ីវិល, Sevakamm Civil) of Cambodia is the policy implementing arm of the Purple Government of Kingdom of cambodia. In executing this of import role, each civil servant (Khmer: មន្រ្តីរាជការ, Montrey Reachkar) is obligated to act according to the constabulary and is guided past public policy pronouncements. The Common Statute of Ceremonious Servants is the master legislative framework for the Civil Service in Cambodia.^[23]

China [edit]

History [edit]

One of the oldest examples of a civil service based on meritocracy is the Imperial hierarchy of China, which can be traced as far back as the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC). However, the civil service examinations were expert on a much smaller scale in comparison to the stronger, centralized bureaucracy of the Song dynasty (960–1279). In response to the regional military rule of jiedushi and the loss of civil authorization during the tardily Tang menses and Five Dynasties (907–960), the Vocal emperors were eager to implement a arrangement where ceremonious officials would owe their social prestige to the fundamental court and gain their salaries strictly from the fundamental regime. This platonic was not fully achieved since many scholar officials were affluent landowners and were engaged in many anonymous business organization affairs in an historic period of economic revolution in Mainland china. Nonetheless, gaining a degree through three levels of examination—prefectural exams, provincial exams, and the prestigious palace exams—was a far more desirable goal in society than becoming a merchant. This was considering the mercantile class was traditionally regarded with some disdain by the scholar-official course.

This class of state bureaucrats in the Song menstruum were far less aloof than their Tang predecessors. The examinations were carefully structured in order to ensure that people of bottom means than what was available to candidates born into wealthy, landowning families were given a greater hazard to laissez passer the exams and obtain an official degree. This included the employment of a bureau of copyists who would rewrite all of the candidates' exams in order to mask their handwriting and thus prevent favoritism past graders of the exams who might otherwise recognize a candidate's handwriting. The advent of widespread press in the Song catamenia allowed many more test candidates access to the Confucian texts whose mastery was required for passing the exams.

Current [edit]

Hong Kong and Macau have separate civil service systems:

• Hong Kong Civil Service
• Secretariat for Administration and Justice is responsible for the civil service in Macau

India [edit]

In India, the Civil Service is defined as "appointive positions by the Regime in connection with the affairs of the Matrimony and includes a civilian in a Defence Service, except positions in the Indian Military machine." The members of civil service serve at the pleasance of the President of India and Article 311 of the constitution protects them from politically motivated or vindictive action.

The Ceremonious Services of India can be classified into three types—the All Bharat Services, the Primal Civil Services (Group A and B) and State/Provincial Ceremonious Services. The recruits are academy graduates (or above) selected through a rigorous system of examinations, chosen the Civil Services Examination (CSE) and its technical counterpart known equally the Engineering science Services Examination (ESE) both conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). The entry into the Land Civil Services is through a competitive examination conducted past every state public service committee.

Senior positions in ceremonious service are listed and named in the Society of Precedence of Bharat.

Nihon [edit]

Pakistan [edit]

In Pakistan the FPSC (Federal Public Service Commission) conducts a competitive exam for the Central Superior Services of Pakistan and other ceremonious-service posts; Pakistan inherited this system from the British Raj-era Indian Ceremonious Service.

Islamic republic of pakistan has federal civil servants serving in federal government offices, with staff selected through the Federal Public Service Committee. Similarly, Pakistani provinces select their own public servants through provincial Public Service Commissions. The federal services accept some quota against provincial posts, while provincial services have some quota in federal services.

Taiwan [edit]

The ROC constitution specifies that public retainer cannot be employed without exam. The employment is commonly lifelong (that is, until age virtually retirement).

Europe [edit]

France [edit]

The civil service in French republic (fonction publique) is often incorrectly considered to include all government employees including employees of public corporations, such as SNCF.

Public sector employment is classified into iii services; Country service, Local service and Infirmary service. According to regime statistics there were 5.5 million public sector employees in 2011.^{[24] [25]}

Category	Central Government	Local Government	Health service	Total
Education	i,360.6			1,360.6
Police	284.4	40		324.4
Defense	280.vii			280.7
Health & Social		241	1,153	1,394.0
Other	516.one	1,631		two,147.1
Total	2,441.8	ane,912	1,153	5,506.viii
% Civil servants[26]	62%	75%	72%	-

Germany [edit]

The Public Service in Germany (Öffentlicher Dienst) employed four.6 million persons as of 2011^[update].^[27] Public servants are organized^[28] into hired salaried employees (Arbeitnehmer), appointed civil servants (Beamte) and soldiers. They are employed by public bodies (Körperschaften des öffentlichen Rechts), such as counties (Kreise), states, the federal regime, etc. In addition to employees straight employed past the state another one.half-dozen million persons are employed past state owned enterprises^[29]

Category	Federal Government	Regional Government	Municipal Government	Social Security	Total
State employees	458	2,114.4	1,220.7	378.six	4,171.7
government owned enterprises	240.4	387.ane	950.two	24.5	one,602.1
Total	698.four	2,501.5	2,170.nine	403.1	5,733.8

Beamte has been a title for government employees for several centuries in German states, simply became a standardized group in 1794.^{[ citation needed ]} Soldiers other than conscripted soldiers are not Beamte simply accept like rights. Judges are non Beamte but accept like rights too.^[xxx] Public attorneys are all Beamte, while most (but not all) professors are Beamte. The grouping of Beamte have the almost secure employment, and the corporeality they are paid is set up by national pay regulations (Besoldungsordnungen). Beamte are prohibited from hit.

Beschäftigte work with private contracts, while Beamte are appointed, employed, and removed by the Public Sector Service and Loyalty police (öffentlich-rechtliches Dienst- und Treueverhältnis). Well-nigh tasks tin can be either done past Beschäftigte or Beamte, all the same some specific tasks of official nature are supposed to exist handled by Beamte since they are subject to a special loyalty obligation.

Beamte are divided into 4 levels:

• Einfacher Dienst: ordinary civil service, respective to enlisted ranks in the military, now largely obsolete
• Mittlerer Dienst: medium-level civil service, corresponding to non-commissioned officers in the military
• Gehobener Dienst: senior ceremonious service, including civil servant positions such equally Inspektor and to a higher place, corresponding to commissioned officers from lieutenant to helm in the military
• Höherer Dienst: college ceremonious service, including civil servant positions such as Rat (Councillor) and above as well as bookish employees such every bit Professors, corresponding to major and above in the military

Gehobener Dienst and Höherer Dienst both require a university didactics or equivalent, at the very least a bachelor's or master'southward degree, respectively.

Ireland [edit]

The civil service of Ireland includes the employees of the Departments of Country (excluded are authorities ministers and a small number of paid political advisors) likewise equally a small number of core land agencies such equally the Role of the Acquirement Commissioners, the Office of Public Works, and the Public Appointments Service. The organisation of the Irish Civil Service is very similar to the traditional organization of the British Dwelling Civil Service, and indeed the grading organisation in the Irish Civil Service is nearly identical to the traditional grading system of its British analogue. In Ireland, public sector employees such as teachers or members of the country's constabulary, the Garda Síochána are not considered to exist ceremonious servants, but are rather described equally "public servants" (and form the public service of the Commonwealth of Republic of ireland).

Russian federation [edit]

Spain [edit]

The civil service in Kingdom of spain (función pública) is normally considered to include all the employees at the different levels of the Spanish public administration: central regime, democratic communities, besides as municipalities. In that location are three main categories of Spanish public positions: temporary political posts ("personal eventual"), which require a uncomplicated process for hiring and dismissal and is associated to pinnacle level executives and advisors, statutory permanent posts ("funcionarios de carrera"), which require a formal process for access that normally involves a competition among candidates and whose tenants are subject to a special statutory relationship of work with their employers, and non statutory permanent posts ("personal laboral"), which also require a formal procedure for entry similar to the procedure required for the "funcionarios de carrera", but whose tenants are discipline to normal working conditions and laws. Competitions differ notably among the country, the 17 autonomous communities and the city councils, and the "funcionarios de carrera" and "personal laboral" examinations vary in difficulty from one location to another.

As of 2013,^[31] there were 2.half-dozen 1000000 public employees in Espana, of which 571,000 were civil servants and two million were non-civil servants.

Category	Employee type	Central Regime	Regional Government	Municipal	University	Total
Police	Civil servants	147	25			172
Defense force	Civil servants	124				124
Wellness & Social	Ceremonious servants		321			321
	other public employees		170			170
Other	Ceremonious servants	180	562	218	74	1034
	other public employees	119	229	330	75	753
Total	Ceremonious servants	451	908	218	74	1651
	other public employees	119	399	330	75	923
	Total	570	1307	548	149	2574

More contempo figures can be found at SEAT.^[32]

In Dec 2011, the government of Rajoy announced that civil servants have to serve a minimum 37.5 working hours per calendar week regardless of their place or kind of service.^[33]

United Kingdom [edit]

The civil service in the United Kingdom just includes Crown (i.due east. fundamental authorities) employees, not parliamentary employees or local government employees. Public sector employees such as those in education and the NHS are not considered to be ceremonious servants. Police officers and staff are too not civil servants. Full employment in the public sector in the UK was 6.04 million in 2012 according to the Great britain's Function for National Statistics.^[34]

Category	Central government	Local government	Wellness service	Total
Police		278,000		278,000
Defence force	193,000			193,000
Health & Social		364,000	ane,565,000	i,929,000
Other	i,989,000	42,000		2,031,000
Total	2,182,000	2,290,000	one,565,000	half-dozen,037,000

Ceremonious servants in the devolved authorities in Northern Republic of ireland are not part of the Dwelling Ceremonious Service, only institute the dissever Northern Republic of ireland Civil Service. Some employees of the Strange and Commonwealth Office are members of HM Diplomatic Service, which is associated with but separate from the Ceremonious Service.

European Union [edit]

The European Ceremonious Service administers the institutions of the Eu, of which the largest employer is the European Commission.

Civil servants are recruited directly into the institutions after being selected by competitions set by EPSO, the official selection office. They are allocated to departments, known equally Directorates-Full general (DGs), each covering 1 or more related policy areas.

Civil service independence [edit]

Autocratic systems of authorities (such as monarchies) can favour appointments to administrative positions on the basis of nepotism, patronage and favoritism, with shut relationships betwixt political and administrative figures. Early on Roman emperors, for case, set their household slaves and freedmen much of the task of administering the Empire,^[35] sidelining the elected officials who continued the traditions of the Roman Democracy. But the political appointment of bureaucrats can run the risk of tolerating inefficiency and corruption, with officials feeling secure in the protection of their political masters and maybe allowed from prosecution for bribe-taking. Song-dynasty China (960–1279) standardised competitive examinations every bit a ground for ceremonious-service recruitment and promotion, and in the 19th century administrations in France and Britain followed suit. Agitation against the spoils system in the United states of America resulted in increasing the independence of the ceremonious service – seen equally an important principle in modern times.^[36]

Some governmental structures include a civil service committee (or equivalent) whose functions include maintaining the work and rights of ceremonious servants at arm'south length from potential politicisation or political interference.^[37] Compare the governance-administrative integration of Stalin's Orgburo.

See likewise [edit]

General [edit]

• Civic applied science
• Civil service commission
• Civil service exam
• Civil service organisation
• Community service
• Public service

By continent or region [edit]

• Civil service reform in developing countries e.g. Nigeria, Congo, etc.

Africa [edit]

• Nigerian Civil Service
  • Ceremonious Service Commission of Nigeria
  • Rivers Country Civil Service

Asia [edit]

• Civil Service of the People's Republic of Red china
• Ceremonious Services of Bharat
  • Civil Service in early on Bharat
  • Ceremonious Services of Tamil Nadu
• Civil service of Japan
• Civil service in Malaysia
• Civil Services of Pakistan
• Civil Service Commission (Philippines)
• Civil Service of Singapore

Europe [edit]

• Ceremonious Service of the European Wedlock
• Civil Service of Deutschland
• Ceremonious Service of the Republic of ireland
• Civil Service of the United Kingdom
  • Civil Service Committee
  • Civil Service Commission (Island of Man)
• Ceremonious Service Restoration Act

North America [edit]

• Public Service of Canada
  • Government minister responsible (Manitoba)
• Civil service in the United States
  • Ceremonious Service Commission
• Ceremonious service reform
• Civil service reform deed
• Civil Service Reform Human action of 1978

Oceania [edit]

• Australian Public Service
• New Zealand Public Service Departments

S America [edit]

• Civil service in Brazil

Pay and benefits [edit]

• Performance-related pay
• Pay-for-Performance (Federal Government)
  • Pay for performance (healthcare)
  • Pay to play
• Performance-related pay
• Incentive program

Usa [edit]

• Civil Service Retirement System
• Merit pay (Federal Government Merit Pay)
• Pay-for-Performance (Federal Government)
• Pay for functioning (human resources)
• 2014 Veterans Health Assistants scandal

References [edit]

1. ^ "U.k. Civil Service - Definitions - What is a Civil Servant?". civilservant.org.uk. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved five November 2019.
2. ^ "Managing Conflict of Interest in the Public Service - OECD". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2005. Archived from the original on 2019-08-05. Retrieved 2018-12-09 .
3. ^ "China'southward Examination Hell: The Civil Service Examinations of Imperial China". History Today. Archived from the original on March 19, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
4. ^ "Imperial Mainland china: Civil Service Examinations" (PDF). Princeton Academy. Archived (PDF) from the original on Apr i, 2011. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
5. ^ ^{a b} "Confucianism and the Chinese Scholastic Organization: The Chinese Imperial Exam Arrangement". California Land Polytechnic Academy, Pomona. Archived from the original on April 18, 2000. Retrieved Dec 7, 2011.
6. ^ Paludan, Ann (1998). Relate of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Majestic China. New York, New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05090-2
7. ^ Roberts, J. A. Chiliad. (1999). A Concise History of China . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN0-674-00075-vii.
8. ^ "Chinese civil service". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on December 16, 2011. Retrieved December vii, 2011.
9. ^ Brook, Timothy (1999). People's republic of china and Historical Commercialism. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-64029-half-dozen.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Bodde, Derke. "Prc: A Pedagogy Workbook". Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2012-01-04. Retrieved 2012-08-05 .
11. ^ (Bodde 2005)
12. ^ Mark West. Huddleston, William Due west. Boyer (1996). The Higher Civil Service in the United States: Quest for Reform . Academy of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN9780822974734.
13. ^ Kazin, Edwards, and Rothman (2010), 142.
14. ^ Walker, David (2003-07-09). "Off-white game". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2013-12-28. Retrieved 2003-07-09 .
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35. ^ Compare: Boardman, John (2000). The Cambridge Ancient History: The Loftier Empire, A.D. seventy–192. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 11 (two ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 195. ISBN9780521228046. Archived from the original on 2020-02-28. Retrieved 2018-05-01 . Members of higher social groups, such as senators or equites, necessarily had more than of an opportunity to influence the emperor, yet men of lower social status, for instance freedmen or slaves, could likewise make their mark on account of their abiding proximity to the emperor.
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37. ^ Compare: Peters, B. Guy; Pierre, Jon, eds. (2004). The Politicization of the Civil Service in Comparative Perspective: A Quest for Control. Routledge Studies in Governance and Public Policy. London: Routledge. ISBN9781135996260. Archived from the original on 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2018-05-01 .

Further reading [edit]

• Albrow, M., Bureaucracy (1970)
• Armstrong, J. A., The European Authoritative Elite (1973)
• Bodde, D., Chinese Ideas in the West
• Brownlow, Louis, Charles E. Merriam, and Luther Gulick, Report of the President'southward Committee on Authoritative Direction. (1937)
• Coolican, Michael, No Tradesmen and No Women: The Origins of the British Civil Service (2018)
• du Gay, P., In Praise of Bureaucracy: Weber, Organisation, Ethics (2000)
• du Gay, P., ed., The Values of Bureaucracy (2005)
• Hoogenboom, Ari, Outlawing the Spoils: A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement, 1865–1883. (1961)
• Mathur, P.N., The Ceremonious Service of India, 1731–1894: a study of the history, evolution and need for reform (1977)
• Rao, Southward. 2013. Civil service reform: Topic guide. Birmingham, UK: GSDRC, Academy of Birmingham. http://www.gsdrc.org/go/topic-guides/civil-service-reform
• Schiesl, Martin, The Politics of Efficiency: Municipal Administration and Reform in America, 1880–1920. (1977)
• Sullivan, Ceri, Literature in the Public Service: Sublime Bureaucracy (2013)
• Theakston, Kevin, The Civil Service Since 1945 (Institute of Gimmicky British History, 1995)
• Van Riper, Paul. History of the United States Ceremonious Service (1958).
• White, Leonard D., Introduction to the Study of Public Administration. (1955)
• White, Leonard D., Charles H. Bland, Walter R. Sharp, and Fritz Morstein Marx; Civil Service Away, Britain, Canada, France, Germany (1935) online

External links [edit]

• The UK Civil Service official website
• Brazilian Civil Servants official website
• "Civil Service". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service

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